pdgLive

Quark Flux $-$ Accelerator Searches

The definition of FLUX depends on the experiment

(a)	is the ratio of measured free quarks to predicted free quarks if there is no “confinement.''

(b)	is the probability of fractional charge on nuclear fragments. Energy is in GeV/nucleon.

(c)	is the 90$\%$CL upper limit on fractionally-charged particles produced per interaction.

(d)	is quarks per collision.

(e)	is inclusive quark-production cross-section ratio to ${\mathit \sigma (}$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}{)}$.

(f)	is quark flux per charged particle.

(g)	is the flux per ${{\mathit \nu}}$-event.

(h)	is quark yield per ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ yield.

(i)	is 2-body exclusive quark-production cross-section ratio to ${\mathit \sigma (}$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}{)}$.

FLUX

CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit e/3)}}$

MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

ENRGY ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

BEAM

EVTS

DOCUMENT ID

TECN

$ \text{<1.6E-3} $

b

see note

$200$

${}^{32}\mathrm {S}-{}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$

0

PLAS

$ \text{<6.2E-4} $

b

see note

$10.6$

${}^{32}\mathrm {S}-{}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$

0

PLAS

$ \text{<0.94E-4} $

e

$\pm2$

$2 - 30$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

OPAL

$ \text{<1.7E-4} $

e

$\pm2$

$30 - 40$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

OPAL

$ \text{<3.6E-4} $

e

$\pm4$

$5 - 30$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

OPAL

$ \text{<1.9E-4} $

e

$\pm4$

$30 - 45$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

OPAL

$ \text{<2.E-3} $

e

$+1$

$5 - 40$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<6.E-4} $

e

$+2$

$5 - 30$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<1.2E-3} $

e

$+4$

$15 - 40$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<3.6E-4} $

i

$+4$

$5.0 - 10.2$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<3.6E-4} $

i

$+4$

$16.5 - 26.0$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<6.9E-4} $

i

$+4$

$26.0 - 33.3$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<9.1E-4} $

i

$+4$

$33.3 - 38.6$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<1.1E-3} $

i

$+4$

$38.6 - 44.9$

$88 - 94$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ALEP

$ \text{<1.6E-4} $

b

see note

see note

0

PLAS

$ \text{} $

b

4,5,7,8

$2.1$A

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$

0,2,0,6

EMUL

$ \text{<6.4E-5} $

g

1

${{\mathit \nu}},{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$

1

CNTR

$ \text{<3.7E-5} $

g

2

${{\mathit \nu}},{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.9E-5} $

g

1

${{\mathit \nu}},{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$

1

CNTR

$ \text{<2.8E-5} $

g

2

${{\mathit \nu}},{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.9E-4} $

c

$14.5$A

${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}-$Pb

0

PLAS

$ \text{<3.9E-4} $

c

$14.5$A

${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}-$Cu

0

PLAS

$ \text{<1.E-9} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

$14.5$A

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Ar

0

MDRP

$ \text{<5.1E-10} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

$14.5$A

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<8.1E-9} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

$14.5$A

Si$-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.7E-6} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

60A

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<3.5E-7} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

200A

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.3E-6} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4

200A

S$-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<5E-2} $

e

2

$19 - 27$

$52 - 60$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

TOPZ

$ \text{<5E-2} $

e

4

$<$24

$52 - 60$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

TOPZ

$ \text{<1.E-4} $

e

$+2$

<3.5

$10$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

CLEO

$ \text{<1.E-6} $

d

$\pm1$,2

$60$

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<3.5E-7} $

d

$\pm1$,2

$200$

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.3E-6} $

d

$\pm1$,2

$200$

${}^{}\mathrm {S}-$Hg

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.2E-10} $

d

$\pm1$

$1$

$800$

${{\mathit p}}-{}^{}\mathrm {Hg}$

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.1E-10} $

d

$\pm2$

$1$

$800$

${{\mathit p}}-{}^{}\mathrm {Hg}$

0

MDRP

$ \text{<1.2E-10} $

d

$\pm1$

$1$

$800$

${{\mathit p}}-{}^{}\mathrm {N}_{2}$

0

MDRP

$ \text{<7.7E-11} $

d

$\pm2$

$1$

$800$

${{\mathit p}}-{}^{}\mathrm {N}_{2}$

0

MDRP

$ \text{<6.E-9} $

h

$-5$

$0.9 - 2.3$

$12$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<5.E-5} $

g

1,2

<0.5

${{\mathit \nu}}$, ${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}{{\mathit d}}$

0

BEBC

$ \text{<3.E-4} $

b

See note

$14.5$

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-{}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$

0

PLAS

$ \text{<2.E-4} $

b

See note

$200$

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-{}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$

0

PLAS

$ \text{<8E-5} $

b

19,20,22,23

200$\mathit A$

PLAS

$ \text{<2.E-4} $

a

$\pm1$,2

<300

$320$

${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

MLEV

$ \text{<1.E-9} $

c

$\pm1$,2,4,5

$14.5$

${}^{16}\mathrm {O}-{}^{}\mathrm {Hg}$

0

MDRP

$ \text{<3.E-3} $

d

$-1$,2,3,4,6

<5

$2$

${}^{}\mathrm {Si}-{}^{}\mathrm {Si}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-4} $

e

$\pm1$,2,4

<4

$10$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

ARG

$ \text{<6.E-5} $

b

$\pm1$,2

1

$540$

${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$

0

UA2

$ \text{<5.E-3} $

e

$-4$

1$-$8

$29$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

TPC

$ \text{<1.E-2} $

e

$\pm1$,2

1$-$13

$29$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

TPC

$ \text{<2.E-4} $

b

$\pm1$

$72$

${}^{40}\mathrm {Ar}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-4} $

e

$\pm2$

<0.4

$1.4$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

OLYA

$ \text{<5.E-1} $

e

$\pm1$,2

<13

$29$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-3} $

b

$\pm1$,2

<2

$540$

${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-4} $

b

$\pm1$,2

$106$

${}^{56}\mathrm {Fe}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-3} $

b

$>\vert \pm0.1\vert $

$74$

${}^{40}\mathrm {Ar}$

0

PLAS

$ \text{<1.E-2} $

e

$\pm1$,2

<14

$29$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<8.E-2} $

e

$\pm1$,2

<12

$29$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-4} $

e

$\pm2$

$1.8-$2

$7$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

MRK2

$ \text{<5.E-2} $

e

$+1$,2,4,5

2$-$12

$27$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

JADE

$ \text{<2.E-5} $

g

$1$,2

${{\mathit \nu}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

f

$\pm2$,4

1$-$3

$200$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<6.E-11} $

f

$\pm1$

<21

$52$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<5.E-3} $

g

${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

f

$\pm1$

<26

$62$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<7.E-10} $

f

$+1$,2

<20

$52$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

>4.5

${{\mathit \gamma}}$

0

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

>1.5

$12$

${{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

>0.9

${{\mathit \gamma}}$

0

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

>0.9

$6$

${{\mathit \gamma}}$

0

CNTR

¹	HUENTRUP 1996 quote 95$\%$ CL limits for production of fragments with charge differing by as much as $\pm1$/3 (in units of e) for charge 6${}\leq{}Z{}\leq{}$10.

²	BUSKULIC 1993C limits for inclusive quark production are more conservative if the ALEPH hadronic fragmentation function is assumed.

³	CECCHINI 1993 limit at 90$\%$CL for 23/3 ${}\leq{}Z{}\leq{}$40/3, for 16$\mathit A$ GeV O, 14.5$\mathit A$ Si, and 200$\mathit A$ S incident on Cu target. Other limits are $2.3 \times 10^{-4}$ for 17/3${}\leq{}Z{}\leq{}$20/3 and $1.2 \times 10^{-4}$ for 20/3 ${}\leq{}Z{}\leq{}$23/3.

⁴	GHOSH 1992 reports measurement of spallation fragment charge based on ionization in emulsion. Out of 650 measured tracks, 2 were consistent with charge 5${{\mathit e}}$/3, and 4 with 7${{\mathit e}}$/3.

⁵	Hadronic quark.

⁶	Leptonic quark.

⁷	HE 1991 limits are for charges of the form $\mathit N\pm1$/3 from 23/3 to 38/3, and correspond to cross-section limits of 380$\mu $b$~$(Pb) and 320$\mu $b$~$(Cu).

⁸	The limits apply to projectile fragment charges of 17, 19, 20, 22, 23 in units of $\mathit e$/3.

⁹	The limits apply to projectile fragment charges of 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23 in units of $\mathit e$/3.

¹⁰	Flux limits and mass range depend on charge.

¹¹	Bound to nuclei.

¹²	Quark lifetimes $>1 \times 10^{-8}$ s.

¹³	One candidate $\mathit m$ $<$0.17 GeV.

References:

PR C53 358

Search for Fractionally Charged Nuclear Fragments in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

ZPHY C67 203

Search for Heavy Charged Particles and for Particles with Anomalous Charge in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at LEP

PL B303 198

Search for Particles with Unexpected Mass and Charge in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays

ASP 1 369

Fragmentation Cross Sections and Search for Nuclear Fragments with Fractional Charge in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

NC 105A 99

Measurement of Charge of Projectile Fragments. Search for Fractionally Charged Projectile Fragments

NC 104A 405

Results of a Search for Free Quarks with a Large Avalanche Chamber in High Energy Neutrino Interactions

PR C44 1672

Search for Fractional Charge States in High Energy Heavy Fragments Produced in Collisions at 14.5 A GeV ${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}$ with ${}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$ and ${}^{}\mathrm {Cu}$ Target

NP A525 513

Search for Free Quarks Produced in Ultrarelativistic Collisions at BNL and CERN

PL B244 352

Search for Pair Production of Heavy Stable Particles at TRISTAN

PR D40 263

Search for the Production of Fractionally Charged Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at $\sqrt {s }$ = 10.5 GeV

PL B232 549

A Search for Free Quarks in Heavy-Ions Collisions at 60 and 200 GeV/Nucleon

PR D39 1851

Search for Free Quarks Produced at 800 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ Using a New Concentration Technique

PR D39 1261

Search for Long Lived Exotic Particles in 12 GeV Proton-Nucleus Interactions

PR D37 219

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in (Anti)neutrino-Deuterium Interactions

PL B200 583

Search for Projectile Fragments with Fractional Charge in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

PRL 59 2535

Charges and Angular Distributions of Fast Fragments Produced in 3.2 TeV ${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$ Collisions with ${}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$

ZPHY C36 363

Search for Free Quark Production at the CERN SPS Collider

PR D36 3533

Search for Free Quarks Produced by 14.5 GeV/Nucleon Oxygen Ions

PR D33 2733

Search for Production of Fractional Charges, New Particles, and Subthreshold Antiprotons, in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

PL 156B 134

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

PL 156B 129

A New Search for Relativistic Particles with Fractional Electric Charge at the CERN ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collider

PRL 52 168

Search for Charge 4/3 Particles Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

PRL 52 2332

Search for q = 2/3e and q = 1/3e Particles Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

PR D30 691

Search for Fractionally Charged Nuclei in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions

JETPL 40 1265

Search of Light Particles with Charge = 2/3 in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

PL 139B 313

Search for Highly Interacting Fractionally Charged Particles in Electron Positron Annihilation at 29 GeV

PL 121B 187

A Search for Relativistic Particles with Fractional Electric Charge at the CERN ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collider

PRL 51 1621

Search for Fractional Charges Produced in Heavy Ion Collisions at 1.9 GeV/Nucleon

PRL 50 566

Search for Nonintegrally Charged Projectile Fragments in Relativistic Nucleus Nucleus Collisions

PRL 48 1649

Search for Exclusive Free Quark Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

PL 118B 199

An Inclusive Search for Free Quarks at PEP

PL 101B 439

A Search for Stable Particles Heavier than the Proton and for Q = -2/3 Quarks Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation

ZPHY C6 295

Search for Fractional Charge and Heavy Stable Particles at PETRA

LNC 29 251

Results of the Quark Search Experiment in High Energy Neutrino Interactions

NP B159 363

Search for Longlived Particles in 200 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ Proton Nucleon Collisions

NC 45A 171

Search for Quarks in Proton Proton Interactions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 52.5 GeV

NC 45A 281

A Search for Quarks in the CERN SPS Neutrino Beam

NC 40A 41

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at the Highest ISR Energy

NP B101 349

A Search for Fractionally Charged Particles at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

PR D9 1856

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Photoproduced from Copper

PR 166 1391

A Search for Fractionally Charged Particles

PL 25B 163

Search for Leptonic Quarks in the Mass Range 100 to 900 MeV

PL 25B 166

A Search for Leptonic Quarks

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2023 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy), JPS and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2023. See LBNL disclaimers.