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Quark Flux $-$ Cosmic Ray Searches

Shielding values followed with an asterisk indicate altitude in km. Shielding values not followed with an asterisk indicate sea level in kg/cm${}^{2}$.

FLUX (cm${}^{-2}$sr${}^{-1}$s${}^{-1}$)

CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit e/3)}}$

MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

SHIELDING

DOCUMENT ID

TECN

$ \text{< 6.2E-10} $

$\pm2$

DAMP

$ \text{< 1.E-8} $

$\pm{}1/6-$1/10

CDMS

$ \text{<9.2E-15} $

$\pm1$

$3800$

MCRO

$ \text{<2.1E-15} $

$\pm1$

KAM2

$ \text{<2.3E-15} $

$\pm2$

KAM2

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

+-1,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-12} $

$\pm2$,3/2

$-70.$

PLAS

$ \text{<9.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-9} $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-12} $

$\pm1$,2,3

$-0.3$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-11} $

$\pm1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<8.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-9} $

ELEC

$ \text{<2.E-11} $

$+1$

CC

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-7} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+1$

>20

CNTR

$ \text{<8.E-11} $

$+1$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

$+4$

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

ELEC

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

$7$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-9} $

$+1$

CC

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

>10

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$3.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

<6.5

HLBC

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$0.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-11} $

$+2$

CC

$ \text{<8.E-10} $

$+1$,2

<10

CNTR

$ $

$+2$

CC

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

>5

$1.7,3.6$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-8} $

$\pm1$,2,4

$6.3,.2$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

>2

CNTR

$ \text{<9.E-11} $

$\pm1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-10} $

$\pm1$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

>15

OSPK

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+4$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

$6$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-7} $

$+4$

$0.008,0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

1,2

$0.008,0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

$220$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$,2

$0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-9} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$,2

>7

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-8} $

$+2$

>2.5

$0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$

$2.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-7} $

$+1$

$0.8$

CNTR

¹	ALEMANNO 2022 uses data from the DAMPE satellite, with calorimetry and tracking to search for fractionally charged particles with $\mathit q$ =$\pm{}2/3\mathit e$ with a exposure time of $2.3 \times 10^{7}$ s.

²	See AGNESE 2015 Fig.6 for limits on vertical density as function of charge extending to $\vert $q$\vert $/e $<$ 1/10.

³	AMBROSIO 2000C limit is below $11 \times 10^{-15}$ for $0.25<\mathit q/e<0.5$, and is changing rapidly near $\mathit q/e$=2/3, where it is $2 \times 10^{-14}$.

⁴	Distribution in celestial sphere was described as anisotropic.

⁵	With telescope axis at zenith angle 40$^\circ{}$ to the south.

⁶	Leptonic quarks.

⁷	Lifetime $>10^{-8}$ s; charge $\pm0.70$, 0.68, 0.42; and mass $>$4.4, 4.8, and 20 GeV, respectively.

⁸	Time delayed air shower search.

⁹	Prompt air shower search.

¹⁰	Also $\mathit e$/4 and $\mathit e$/6 charges.

¹¹	No events in subsequent experiments.

References:

PR D106 063026

Search for relativistic fractionally charged particles in space

PRL 114 111302

First Direct Limits on Lightly Ionizing Particles with Electric Charge Less than e/6

PR D62 052003

A Search for Lightly Ionizing Particles with the MACRO Detector

PR D43 2843

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in Kamiokande-II

NC 11C 229

The Arrival Direction of (4/3)${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Lepton Candidates in Celestial Coordinates

NC 9C 358

New Partially Charged Leptons at Underground Experiments

LNC 41 604

An Underground Search for Fractionally Charged Penetrating Particles

LNC 40 329

Search for (4/3)e Charged Leptons in Cosmic Rays

PL 128B 327

An Underground Search for Anomalous Penetrating Particles such as Massive Magnetic Monopoles

PR D26 1777

Experimental Limits on Quarks, Tachyons and Massive Particles in Cosmic Rays

JPSJ 51 3067

Search for Slow Monopoles and Quarks

PR D25 2837

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in Cosmic Rays at Large Zenith Angles

PR D18 641

Evidence for Longlived Heavy Particles with Fractional Charge

NC 31A 553

Results of the Torino Search for Quarks

NP B95 189

Search for ${1\over 3}\mathit e$ Quarks in Cosmic Rays with the Leeds Cloud Chamber

NC 27A 132

Search for Ultrarelativistic Quarks in Cosmic Rays

PR D10 2721

Lack of Low-Density Cosmic-Ray Tracks

JPSJ 36 629

Search for Cosmic Ray Quarks at Large Zenith Angles

JP A6 577

Search for Quarks Using a Flash-Tube Chamber

NC 14A 65

Sea Level Search for Leptonic Quarks in Cosmic Rays

PR D6 1211

Search for 4/3e Charged Diquarks in the Cosmic Radiation at 2750 m Altitude

PRL 28 326

Search for Quarks in High Energy Air Showers

PR D6 1203

Search 1/3e and 2/3e Charged Quarks in the Cosmic Radiation at 2750 m Altitude

PR D5 2667

Search for Relativistic Charge $−$2/3e Quarks in the Cosmic Radiation

NC 9A 319

Quark Candidates among Delayed Shower Particles at 70 M W.E. Underground

PRSE A70 143

Search for the Quark in Extensive Air Showers, using a Counter Controlled Cloud Chamber

JP A5 569

Search for Massive Interacting Particles near the Cores of Extensive Air Showers of Energies of about 2 ${\times }$ $10^{14}$ $−$ $10^{16}$ eV

NC 2A 419

Search for Relativistic Quarks in Cosmic Rays at Sea Level and at Mountain Altitude

PRL 27 51

Cloud Chamber Quark Quest Negative Results

PRL 26 582

Cloud Chamber Search for 1/3e and 2/3e Quarks in Air Showers

NC 66A 167

A Search for SU(3) Particles in EAS at 3500 m S.L

PRL 24 917

Evidence of a Quark in a High Energy Cosmic Ray Bubble Chamber Picture

PRL 25 550

Comments on CHU 1970 “Evidence of a Quark in a High Energy Cosmic Ray Bubble Chamber Picture''

PRL 24 1357

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in Showers of Low Density

PR D1 835

Search for Charge 1/3e and 2/3e Quarks in Cosmic Radiation near Sea Level

PR 186 1394

Lightly Ionizing Particles in Air Shower Cores

PR 178 2058

Search for Quarks

PRL 23 658

Evidence of Quarks in Air Shower Cores

NC B53 241

Search for Long-lived Heavy Particles in Cosmic-Ray Events at Energies Above Several Thousand GeV

NC 57A 850

An Underground Search for Leptonic Quarks in the Cosmic Radiation

PRL 21 1013

Search for Massive Particles in the Cosmic Radiation at Sea Level

PR 166 1280

Search for Quarks in Cosmic Rays at Sea Level

CJP 46 S734

Search for Quarks in Cosmic Rays at Sea Level

CJP 46 S730

Search for Particles with Charge 2/3e in Cosmic Rays

PR 172 1297

Search for Heavy Triplets in Cosmic Rays

PRL 20 217

Search for Particles with Fractional Charge > 4/3e in Cosmic Rays

PRSL 90 87

An Investigation of Cosmic Rays Underground Using A Scintillator Stack IV. an Upper Limit for the Rate of Relativistic Particle of Charge Two-Thirds

NC 51A 837

A Study of the Fractional Charge Content of the Cosmic Radiation

NC 49A 209

Hunting Charges $\pm{}$4/3e in the Cosmic Radiation

PRL 18 1022

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in Cosmic Rays near Sea Level

PR 154 1263

Search for Charge 2/3 Quarks Produced by Cosmic Rays

PL 21 360

The Non-Appearance of Charge ${2\over 3}$ Quarks at Great Depths Underground

NC 45A 520

Search for Charged ${1\over 3}$e and ${2\over 3}$e in the Cosmic Radiation

PR 150 1140

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced by Cosmic Rays

PRL 17 1068

Search for Quarks in Cosmic Rays

PR 140 B458

Cosmic Ray Search for Fractionally Charged Particles

NC 40A 589

An Upper Limit to the Existence of Charges ${2\over 3}$e in the Cosmic Radiation at 500 m Above Sea Level

PRL 13 728

Mountain-Altitude Quest for Fractionally Charged Particles

PR 136 B1157

Search for Charge 1/3e Particles in Cosmic Rays

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2023 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy), JPS and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2023. See LBNL disclaimers.