pdgLive

Quark Production Cross Section $-$ Accelerator Searches

X-SECT (cm${}^{2}$)

CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit e/3)}}$

MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

ENERGY ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

BEAM

EVTS

DOCUMENT ID

TECN

$ \text{<1.7-2.3E-39} $

$\pm2$

$100 - 600$

$7000$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

CMS

$ \text{<14-5.4E-39} $

$\pm1$

$100 - 600$

$7000$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

CMS

$ \text{<1.3E-36} $

$\pm2$

$45 - 84$

$130 - 172$

${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$

0

DLPH

$ \text{<2.E-35} $

$+2$

$250$

$1800$

${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$

0

CDF

$ \text{<1.E-35} $

$+4$

$250$

$1800$

${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$

0

CDF

$ \text{<3.8E-28} $

14.5A

${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}-$Pb

0

PLAS

$ \text{<3.2E-28} $

14.5A

${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}-$Cu

0

PLAS

$ \text{<1.E-40} $

$\pm1$,2

<10

${{\mathit p}},{{\mathit \nu}},{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$

0

CHRM

$ \text{<1.E-36} $

$\pm1$,2

<9

$200$

${{\mathit \mu}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$\pm2$,4

1$-$3

$200$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-38} $

$+1$,2

>5

$300$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-33} $

$\pm1$

<20

$52$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<9.E-39} $

$\pm1$,2

<6

$400$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<8.E-35} $

$+1$,2

<20

$52$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-38} $

$-1$,2

4$-$9

$200$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-32} $

$+2$,4

4$-$24

$52$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

SPEC

$ \text{<5.E-31} $

$+1$,2,4

<12

$300$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<6.E-34} $

$\pm1$,2

<13

$52$

${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-36} $

$-4$

$4$

$70$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-35} $

$\pm1$,2

$2$

$28$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-37} $

$-2$

<5

$70$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-37} $

$-1$,2

2$-$5

$70$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-35} $

$+1$,2

<7

$30$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-35} $

$-2$

$<2.5-$5

$30$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-35} $

$+1$,2

<2.2

$21$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

HLBC

$ \text{<1.E-32} $

$+1$,2

<4.0

$28$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

HBC

$ \text{<1.E-35} $

$+1$,2

<2.5

$31$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

HBC

$ \text{<1.E-34} $

$+1$

<2

$28$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-33} $

$+1$,2

<2.4

$24$

${{\mathit p}}$

0

HBC

¹	CHATRCHYAN 2013AR limits assume pair-produced long-lived spin-1/2 particles neutral under SU(3)$_{C}$ and SU(2)$_{L}$.

²	ABE 1992J flux limits decrease as the mass increases from 50 to 500 GeV.

³	HE 1991 limits are for charges of the form $\mathit N\pm1$/3 from 23/3 to 38/3.

⁴	Hadronic or leptonic quarks.

⁵	Cross section cm${}^{2}$/GeV${}^{2}$.

⁶	$3 \times 10^{-5}$ $<$lifetime $<1 \times 10^{-3}$ s.

⁷	Includes BOTT 1972 results.

⁸	Assumes isotropic cm production.

⁹	Cross section inferred from flux.

References:

PR D87 092008

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV

PR D106 099903 (errat.)

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles in $pp$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV

PL B396 315

Search for Stable Heavy Charged Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 130-136, 161 and 172 GeV

PR D46 1889

Limits on the Production of Massive Stable Charged Particles

PR C44 1672

Search for Fractional Charge States in High Energy Heavy Fragments Produced in Collisions at 14.5 A GeV ${}^{28}\mathrm {Si}$ with ${}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$ and ${}^{}\mathrm {Cu}$ Target

ZPHY C24 217

Experimental Limits on the Production of Fractionally Charged Particles in Proton Nucleus and Neutrino Nucleus Collisions

PL 133B 461

A Search for Free Quarks in Deep Inelastic Muon Scattering

NP B174 1

Particle Production and Search for Longlived Particles in 200 to 240 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ Proton Nucleon Collisions

PR D20 82

A Search for Massive, Longlived, Fractionally Charged Particles Produced by 300 GeV Protons

NC 45A 171

Search for Quarks in Proton Proton Interactions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 52.5 GeV

PRL 39 513

Search for Quarks Produced with Large Transverse Momentum in 400 GeV Proton Nucleus Collisions

NP B101 349

A Search for Fractionally Charged Particles at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

PRL 32 858

A Search for Fractionally Charged Quarks Produced by 200 and 300 GeV Proton Nuclear Interactions

PL 46B 265

Large Angle Production of Stable Particles Heavier than the Proton and a Search for Quarks at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

PRL 31 1226

Search for Quarks and Heavy Stable Particles Produced at 300 GeV

PL 40B 693

Search for Quarks at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

NP B29 374

Search for Particles with Charge -4/3 (Diquarks) at the IHEP 70 GeV Accelerator

NC 64A 75

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles using the CERN Proton Synchrotron

PL 30B 576

Further Search for Quarks at the 70 GeV IHEP Accelerator

PL 29B 245

Search for the Particles with Fractional Charges (Quarks) at IHEP 70 GeV Accelerator

PRL 14 999

Search for Massive Particle

PRL 14 196

Search for Massive Particles Produced in Interactions at 30 BeV

PL 9 201

An Unsuccessful Search for Fractionally Charged Particles with Mass $\approx{}$ 2.2 GeV

PRL 13 353A

Search for Fractionally Charged Particles Produced by 27.5 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ Protons

PRL 13 280

Further Search for Fractionally Charged Particles

PRL 12 423

Particles with a Charge of ${1\over 3}$e

PL 9 199

Experimental Limit on the Production by 24 GeV Protons of LongLived Particles with Fractional Electric Charge

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2023 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy), JPS and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2023. See LBNL disclaimers.