pdgLive

ABDALLAH 2010 use data on the final states ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit X}}$ , ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit X}}$ , at center-of-mass energies between $189 - 209$ GeV at LEP2, where ${{\mathit j}}$ = jet, ${{\mathit \ell}}$ = lepton, and ${{\mathit X}}$ represents missing momentum. The fit is carried out keeping all other parameters fixed at their SM values.

²	SCHAEL 2005A study single$-$photon, single$-{{\mathit W}}$, and $WW$ $-$pair production from 183 to 209 GeV. Each parameter is determined from a single$-$parameter fit in which the other parameters assume their Standard Model values.

ABBIENDI 2004D combine results from ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ in all decay channels. Only $\mathit CP$-conserving couplings are considered and each parameter is determined from a single-parameter fit in which the other parameters assume their Standard Model values. The 95$\%$ confidence interval is $-0.13<\lambda _{{{\mathit \gamma}}}<0.01$.

⁴

ACHARD 2004D study $WW$ $-$pair production, single$-{{\mathit W}}$ production and single$-$photon production with missing energy from 189 to 209 GeV. The result quoted here is obtained including data from 161 to 183 GeV, ACCIARRI 1999Q. Each parameter is determined from a single$-$parameter fit in which the other parameters assume their Standard Model values.

⁵

CHATRCHYAN 2014AB measure ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ production cross section for ${{\mathit p}}{}^{\gamma }_{T}>$ 15 GeV and R( ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ ) $>$ 0.7, which is the separation between the ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ and the final state charged lepton (${{\mathit e}}$ or ${{\mathit \mu}}$) in the azimuthal angle-pseudorapidity (${{\mathit \phi}}−{{\mathit \eta}}$) plane. After background subtraction the number of ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ events is determined to be $3200$ $\pm325$ and $4970$ $\pm543$ respectively, compatible with expectations from the SM. This leads to a 95$\%$ CL limit of $-0.050$ $<{{\mathit \lambda}}_{{{\mathit \gamma}}}<$ 0.037, assuming all other parameters have SM values.

⁶

AAD 2013AN study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions. In events with no additional jet, 4449 (6578) W decays to electron (muon) are selected, with an expected background of $1662$ $\pm262$ ($2538$ $\pm362$) events. Analysing the photon $p_T$ spectrum above 100 GeV yields a 95$\%$ C.L. limit of $-0.065$ $<$ ${{\mathit \lambda}}_{{{\mathit \gamma}}}$ $<$ 0.061. Supersedes AAD 2012BX.

⁷

ABAZOV 2012AG combine new results with already published results on ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production in order to determine the couplings with increased precision, superseding ABAZOV 2008R, ABAZOV 2011AC, ABAZOV 2009AJ, ABAZOV 2009AD. The 68$\%$ C.L. result for a formfactor cutoff of $\Lambda $ = 2 TeV is $\lambda _{{{\mathit \gamma}}}$ = $0.007$ ${}^{+0.021}_{-0.022}$.

⁸

ABAZOV 2011AC study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions at 1.96 TeV, with the ${{\mathit W}}$ decay products containing an electron or a muon. They select 196 (363) events in the electron (muon) mode, with a SM expectation of 190 (372) events. A likelihood fit to the photon $\mathit E_{T}$ spectrum above 15 GeV yields at 95$\%$ C.L. the result: $-0.08$ $<$ ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}$ $<$ 0.07 for a formfactor ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$ = 2 TeV.

⁹

CHATRCHYAN 2011M study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV using 36$~$pb${}^{-1}$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ data with the ${{\mathit W}}$ decaying to electron and muon. The total cross section is measured for photon transverse energy ${{\mathit E}}{}^{{{\mathit \gamma}}}_{T}>$ 10 GeV and spatial separation from charged leptons in the plane of pseudo rapidity and azimuthal angle $\Delta {{\mathit R}}({{\mathit \ell}},{{\mathit \gamma}})>$ 0.7. The number of candidate (background) events is 452 ($228$ $\pm21$) for the electron channel and 520 ($277$ $\pm25$) for the muon channel. Setting other couplings to their standard model value, they derive a 95$\%$ CL limit of $-0.18$ $<$ ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}<$ 0.17.

¹⁰

AARON 2009B study single-${{\mathit W}}$ production in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at 0.3 TeV C.M. energy. They select 53 ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \mu}}$ events with a standard model expectation of $54.1$ $\pm7.4$ events. Fitting the transverse momentum spectrum of the hadronic recoil system they obtain a 95$\%$ C.L. limit of $-2.5<{{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}<$ 2.5.

¹¹

ABAZOV 2009AD study the ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ $~$2jet process arising in ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production. They select 12,473 (14,392) events in the electron (muon) channel with an expected di-boson signal of 436 (527) events. The results on the anomalous couplings are derived from an analysis of the $p_T$ spectrum of the 2-jet system and quoted at 68$\%$ C.L. and for a form factor of 2 TeV. This measurement is not used for obtaining the mean as it is for a specific form factor. The 95$\%$ confidence interval is $-0.10<$ ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}<$ 0.11.

¹²

ABAZOV 2009AJ study the ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ 2 ${{\mathit \ell}}$2 ${{\mathit \nu}}$ process arising in ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ production. They select 100 events with an expected ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ signal of 65 events. An analysis of the $p_T$ spectrum of the two charged leptons leads to 95$\%$ C.L. limits of $-0.14<$ ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}<$ 0.18, for a form factor $\Lambda $ = 2 TeV.

¹³

ABAZOV 2008R use 0.7 fb${}^{-1}$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ data at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV to select 263 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{+}$ ${{\mathit X}}$ events, of which 187 constitute signal, with the ${{\mathit W}}$ decaying into an electron or a muon, which is required to be well separated from a photon with $\mathit E_{T}>$ 9 GeV. A likelihood fit to the photon $\mathit E_{T}$ spectrum yields a 95$\%$ CL limit $\text{- 0.12}<\lambda _{\gamma }<$ 0.13 with other couplings fixed to their Standard Model values.

¹⁴

ABDALLAH 2008C determine this triple gauge coupling from the measurement of the spin density matrix elements in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit q}}$) ( ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$), where ${{\mathit \ell}}$ = ${{\mathit e}}$ or ${{\mathit \mu}}$. Values of all other couplings are fixed to their standard model values.

¹⁵

AALTONEN 2007L set limits on anomalous TGCs using the $p_T({{\mathit W}}$) distribution in ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production with the ${{\mathit W}}$ decaying to an electron or muon and the ${{\mathit Z}}$ to 2 jets. Setting other couplings to their standard model value, the 95$\%$ C.L. limits are $-0.18<{{\mathit \lambda}_{{\gamma}}}<$ 0.17 for a form factor scale $\Lambda $ = 1.5 TeV.

¹⁶

ABAZOV 2006H study ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ production with a subsequent decay ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{e}}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ or ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{\mu}}}$ . The 95$\%$ C.L. limit for a form factor scale $\Lambda $ = 1 TeV is $\text{- 0.97}<\lambda _{\gamma }<$ 1.04, fixing $\kappa _{\gamma }$=1. With the assumption that the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ couplings are equal the 95$\%$ C.L. one-dimensional limit ($\Lambda $ = 2 TeV) is $-0.29<\lambda <$ 0.30.

¹⁷

ABAZOV 2005J perform a likelihood fit to the photon $\mathit E_{T}$ spectrum of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ $+$ X events, where the ${{\mathit W}}$ decays to an electron or muon which is required to be well separated from the photon. For $\Lambda $ = 2.0 TeV the 95$\%$ CL limits are $-0.20$ $<$ $\lambda _{{{\mathit \gamma}}}$ $<$ 0.20. In the fit ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{\gamma}}}$ is kept fixed to its Standard Model value.

¹⁸

ABREU 2001I combine results from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ interactions at 189 GeV leading to ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ , and ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ final states with results from ABREU 1999L at 183 GeV. The 95$\%$ confidence interval is $-0.11<\lambda _{{{\mathit \gamma}}}<0.23$.

¹⁹	BREITWEG 2000 search for ${{\mathit W}}$ production in events with large hadronic $p_T$. For $p_T>$20 GeV, the upper limit on the cross section gives the 95$\%$CL limit $-3.2<\lambda _{\gamma }<3.2$ for ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{\gamma}}}$ fixed to its Standard Model value.

²⁰

ABBOTT 1999I perform a simultaneous fit to the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ dilepton, ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ / ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ / ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ , and ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ trilepton data samples. For $\Lambda $ = $2.0$ TeV, the 95$\%$CL limits are $-0.18<\lambda _{{{\mathit \gamma}}}<0.19$.

References:

CHATRCHYAN

2014AB

PR D89 092005

Measurement of the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Inclusive Cross Sections in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV and Limits on Anomalous Triple Gauge Boson Couplings

AAD

2013AN

PR D87 112003

Measurements of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

Also

PR D91 119901 (errat.)

Erratum to AAD 2013AN. Measurements of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

ABAZOV

2012AG

PL B718 451

Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$, ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

ABAZOV

2011AC

PRL 107 241803

${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production and Limits on Anomalous ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Couplings in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

CHATRCHYAN

2011M

PL B701 535

Measurement of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV

ABDALLAH

2010

EPJ C66 35

Measurements of $\mathit CP$-conserving Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit V}}$ (${{\mathit V}}$ = ${{\mathit \gamma}},{{\mathit Z}}$) in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at LEP2

AARON

2009B

EPJ C64 251

Events with Isolated Leptons and Missing Transverse Momentum and Measurement of ${{\mathit W}}$ Production at HERA

ABAZOV

2009AJ

PRL 103 191801

Measurement of the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ Production Cross Section with Dilepton Final States in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96$~$TeV and Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Couplings

ABAZOV

2009AD

PR D80 053012

Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ + ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ Events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

ABAZOV

2008R

PRL 100 241805

First Study of the Radiation-Amplitude Zero in ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Production and Limits on Anomalous ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Couplings at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

ABDALLAH

2008C

EPJ C54 345

Study of ${{\mathit W}}$ Boson Polarisations and Triple Gauge Boson Couplings in the Reaction ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ at LEP 2

AALTONEN

2007L

PR D76 111103

Limits on Anomalous Triple Gauge Couplings in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

ABAZOV

2006H

PR D74 057101

Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ , and ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ Events from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

Also

PR D74 059904(errat.)

Publisher's Note to ABAZOV 2006H. Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ , and ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ Events from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV

ABAZOV

2005J

PR D71 091108

Measurement of the ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{+}$ ${{\mathit X}}$ Cross Section at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Anomalous Coupling Limits

SCHAEL

2005A

PL B614 7

Improved Measurement of the Tripple Gauge Boson Couplings ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions

ABBIENDI

2004D

EPJ C33 463

Measurement of Charged Current Tripple Gauge Boson Couplings using ${{\mathit W}}$ Pairs at LEP

ACHARD

2004D

PL B586 151

Measurement of Triple Gauge Boson Couplings of the ${{\mathit W}}$ Boson at LEP

ABREU

2001I

PL B502 9

Measurement of Trilinear Gauge Boson Couplings $\mathit WWV$, ($\mathit V$ ${}\equiv$ ${{\mathit Z}}$, ${{\mathit \gamma}}$) in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at 189 GeV

BREITWEG

2000

PL B471 411

${{\mathit W}}$ Production and the Search for Events with an Isolated High Energy Lepton and Missing Transverse Momentum at HERA

ABBOTT

1999I

PR D60 072002

Studies of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ Production and Limits on Anomalous ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ couplings

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2023 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy), JPS and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2023. See LBNL disclaimers.

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