These quantities are the effective axial-vector couplings of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ to charged leptons and quarks. Their magnitude is derived from a measurement of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ lineshape and the forward-backward lepton asymmetries as a function of energy around the ${{\mathit Z}}$ mass. The relative sign among the vector to axial-vector couplings is obtained from a measurement of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ asymmetry parameters, ${{\mathit A}_{{e}}}$, ${{\mathit A}_{{\mu}}}$, and ${{\mathit A}_{{\tau}}}$. By convention the sign of $\mathit g{}^{{{\mathit e}}}_{\mathit A}$ is fixed to be negative (and opposite to that of $\mathit g{}^{{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}}$ obtained using ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ scattering measurements). For the light quarks, the sign of the couplings is assigned consistently with this assumption. The LEP/SLD-based fit values quoted below correspond to global nine- or five-parameter fits to lineshape, lepton forward-backward asymmetry, and ${{\mathit A}_{{e}}}$, ${{\mathit A}_{{\mu}}}$, and ${{\mathit A}_{{\tau}}}$ measurements. See the note “The ${{\mathit Z}}$ boson” and ref. LEP-SLC 2006 for details. Where ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ and ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ data is quoted, OUR FIT value corresponds to a weighted average of this with the LEP/SLD fit result.