pdgLive

Quark Flux $-$ Cosmic Ray Searches

Shielding values followed with an asterisk indicate altitude in km. Shielding values not followed with an asterisk indicate sea level in kg/cm${}^{2}$.

FLUX (cm${}^{-2}$sr${}^{-1}$s${}^{-1}$)

CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit e/3)}}$

MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$

SHIELDING

DOCUMENT ID

TECN

$ \text{< 6.2E-10} $

$\pm2$

DAMP

$ \text{< 1.E-8} $

$\pm{}1/6-$1/10

CDMS

$ \text{<9.2E-15} $

$\pm1$

$3800$

MCRO

$ \text{<2.1E-15} $

$\pm1$

KAM2

$ \text{<2.3E-15} $

$\pm2$

KAM2

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

+-1,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-12} $

$\pm2$,3/2

$-70.$

PLAS

$ \text{<9.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-9} $

$\pm4$

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-12} $

$\pm1$,2,3

$-0.3$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-11} $

$\pm1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<8.E-10} $

$\pm1$,2

$0.3$

CNTR

$ $

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-9} $

ELEC

$ \text{<2.E-11} $

$+1$

CC

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-7} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+1$

>20

CNTR

$ \text{<8.E-11} $

$+1$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

$+4$

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

ELEC

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

$7$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-9} $

$+1$

CC

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

>10

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CC

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$3.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ $

$+1$,2

<6.5

HLBC

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+1$,2

$0.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-11} $

$+2$

CC

$ \text{<8.E-10} $

$+1$,2

<10

CNTR

$ $

$+2$

CC

$ \text{<1.E-10} $

>5

$1.7,3.6$

CNTR

$ \text{<1.E-8} $

$\pm1$,2,4

$6.3,.2$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

>2

CNTR

$ \text{<9.E-11} $

$\pm1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-10} $

$\pm1$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-8} $

>15

OSPK

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+4$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

$6$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-7} $

$+4$

$0.008,0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-10} $

1,2

$0.008,0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<4.E-10} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+2$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-10} $

$+2$

$220$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$,2

$0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<3.E-9} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-9} $

$+1$,2

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$,2

>7

$2.8$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<5.E-8} $

$+2$

>2.5

$0.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-8} $

$+1$

$2.5$

$\ast{}$

CNTR

$ \text{<2.E-7} $

$+1$

$0.8$

CNTR

¹	ALEMANNO 2022 uses data from the DAMPE satellite, with calorimetry and tracking to search for fractionally charged particles with $\mathit q$ =$\pm{}2/3\mathit e$ with a exposure time of $2.3 \times 10^{7}$ s.

²	See AGNESE 2015 Fig.6 for limits on vertical density as function of charge extending to $\vert $q$\vert $/e $<$ 1/10.

³	AMBROSIO 2000C limit is below $11 \times 10^{-15}$ for $0.25<\mathit q/e<0.5$, and is changing rapidly near $\mathit q/e$=2/3, where it is $2 \times 10^{-14}$.

⁴	Distribution in celestial sphere was described as anisotropic.

⁵	With telescope axis at zenith angle 40$^\circ{}$ to the south.

⁶	Leptonic quarks.

⁷	Lifetime $>10^{-8}$ s; charge $\pm0.70$, 0.68, 0.42; and mass $>$4.4, 4.8, and 20 GeV, respectively.

⁸	Time delayed air shower search.

⁹	Prompt air shower search.

¹⁰	Also $\mathit e$/4 and $\mathit e$/6 charges.

¹¹	No events in subsequent experiments.

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2024 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy) and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2024. See LBNL disclaimers.