LIMITS ON NEUTRAL PARTICLE PRODUCTION

Heavy Particle Production Cross Section

INSPIRE   JSON  (beta) PDGID:
S015CS
VALUE (cm${}^{2}/{{\mathit N}}$) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN  COMMENT
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
1
AAD
2024AE
ATLS heavy vector triplet search
2
AAD
2024BV
ATLS VBF di-Higgs to 4${{\mathit b}}$ events
3
AAD
2024CD
ATLS hadronic ${{\mathit W}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ + MET
4
AAD
2024E
ATLS resonance search
5
AAD
2024S
ATLS QBH via lepton + jet
6
HAYRAPETYAN
2024AB
CMS heavy neutral lepton search
7
HAYRAPETYAN
2024AC
CMS heavy neutrino from ${{\mathit B}}$-decay
8
HAYRAPETYAN
2024AZ
CMS four-muon events search
9
AAD
2023P
ATLS exotica search in association with ${{\mathit h}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
10
TUMASYAN
2023BC
CMS ${{\mathit \gamma}}$-jet resonance search
11
TUMASYAN
2023BF
CMS ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ + ${{\mathit \gamma}}/{{\mathit Z}}$ + ${{\mathit X}}$ search
12
TUMASYAN
2022AG
CMS SIMP search
13
AAD
2021F
ATLS monojet search
14
AAIJ
2020AL
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ at 13 TeV, dimuon resonance
15
SIRUNYAN
2020AY
CMS ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(1S)}}{{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ decay states
16
SIRUNYAN
2020Z
CMS multilepton BSM search, 13 TeV
17
AABOUD
2019H
ATLS di-photon-jet resonance
18
AABOUD
2019V
ATLS review, mediator-based DM
19
SIRUNYAN
2019O
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\not E_T$
20
AABOUD
2018CJ
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}{{\mathit V}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$, ${{\mathit V}}$ = ${{\mathit W}},{{\mathit Z}},{{\mathit h}}$
21
AABOUD
2018CM
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \tau}}$
22
AAIJ
2018AJ
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$; dark photon
23
BANERJEE
2018
NA64 ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit X}}$( ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$)
24
BANERJEE
2018A
NA64 ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$, ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit \chi}}$
25
MARSICANO
2018
E137 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$( ${{\mathit \gamma}}$) visible decay
26
SIRUNYAN
2018BB
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}^{\,'}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ at 13 TeV
27
SIRUNYAN
2018DA
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ Black Hole, string ball, sphaleron
28
SIRUNYAN
2018DD
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
29
SIRUNYAN
2018DR
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\overline{\mathit \mu}}}$
30
SIRUNYAN
2018DU
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$
31
SIRUNYAN
2018ED
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit h}}$; ${{\mathit h}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$; ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$
32
AABOUD
2017B
ATLS ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit H}}$, ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit H}}$ resonance
33
AAIJ
2017BR
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}_{{{v}}}}{{\mathit \pi}_{{{v}}}}$, ${{\mathit \pi}_{{{v}}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
34
AAD
2016O
ATLS ${{\mathit \ell}}$ + (${{\mathit \ell}}$s or jets)
35
AAD
2016R
ATLS ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ , ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit Z}}$ resonance
36
KRASZNAHORKAY
2016
${{\mathit p}}$ ${}^{7}\mathrm {Li}$ $\rightarrow$ ${}^{8}\mathrm {Be}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}{(17)}}{{\mathit N}}$ , ${{\mathit X}{(17)}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
37
LEES
2015E
BABR ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions
38
ADAMS
1997B
KTEV $\mathit m$= $1.2 - 5$ GeV
$<10^{-36} - 10^{-33}$ 90 39
GALLAS
1995
TOF $\mathit m$= $0.5 - 20$ GeV
$<(4 - 0.3){\times }\text{ 10}$$^{-31}$ 95 40
AKESSON
1991
CNTR $\mathit m$ = $0 - 5$ GeV
$<2 \times 10^{-36}$ 90 41
BADIER
1986
BDMP $\tau $ = (0.05$-1.){\times }10^{-8}$s
$<2.5 \times 10^{-35}$ 42
GUSTAFSON
1976
CNTR $\tau $ $>10^{-7}$ s
1  AAD 2024AE search for heavy vector triplet production with decay to boson pairs. No signal was observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs m plane. Limits also placed in various two-dimensional coupling planes (${{\mathit g}_{{{F}}}}$, ${{\mathit g}_{{{H}}}}$, ${{\mathit g}_{{{{{\mathit \ell}}}}}}$, ${{\mathit g}_{{{{{\mathit \ell}}}}}}$(3rd Gen), ${{\mathit g}_{{{q}}}}$, ${{\mathit g}_{{{q}}}}$(3rd Gen), ${{\mathit g}_{{{q}}}}$(1st/2nd Gen)).
2  AAD 2024BV search for VBF di-Higgs production with decay to boosted 4${{\mathit b}}$ state. No signal observed. Limits placed in mass vs. cross section plane for various simplified models.
3  AAD 2024CD search for hadronically-decaying ${{\mathit W}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ + MET events from new physics with 140 fb${}^{-1}$ at 13 TeV. No signal observed. Limits placed on various simplified new physics models.
4  AAD 2024E uses a new resonance search technique for two-body decays into any pair of ${{\mathit \ell}}$, ${{\mathit b}}$, and jet with 140 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal was observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs mass plane for various decay modes.
5  AAD 2024S search for quantum black hole (QBH) decay to lepton + jet in 140 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}\cdot{}$BF vs mass plane for ADD and RS models.
6  HAYRAPETYAN 2024AB search for heavy neutral leptons ${{\mathit N}}$ at CMS with 138 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed in mixing angle vs m(${{\mathit N}}$) plane.
7  HAYRAPETYAN 2024AC search for heavy long-lived neutrino ${{\mathit N}}$ produced in ${{\mathit B}}$-decays in 41.6 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed in mixing angle vs m(${{\mathit N}}$) plane.
8  HAYRAPETYAN 2024AZ search for various new bosons via production and decay to four muon states with 41.5 and 59.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data at 13 TeV. No signal observed. Limits placed usually in mass vs. cross section plane for a variety of new physics simplified models.
9  AAD 2023P search in 22 channels for exotica produced in association with ${{\mathit h}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ in 139 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed on production cross section in various channels.
10  TUMASYAN 2023BC search for ${{\mathit \gamma}}$-jet resonance at CMS with 138 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed on quantum black hole and excited quark models.
11  TUMASYAN 2023BF search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}{+}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit Z}}{+}$ ${{\mathit X}}$ search where ${{\mathit X}}$ is missing particle using CMS-TOTEM with 37.2 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. No signal observed. Limits placed on ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. m plane.
12  TUMASYAN 2022AG search for strongly interacting neutral massive particles via trackless jets with 16.1 fb${}^{-1}$ at 13 TeV; no signal detected; limits placed in mass vs. cross section plane for various simplified models.
13  AAD 2021F search for hard monojet production at ATLAS with 139 ${}^{-1}$ of 13 TeV data. No signal observed. Limits placed on invisible production cross-section recoiling against ISR and interpreted in variety of BSM models.
14  AAIJ 2020AL search for dimuon resonance from promptly decaying ${{\mathit X}}$ particle. No signal detected. Limits placed on m(${{\mathit X}}$) up to 60 GeV depending on mixing in 2HDM.
15  SIRUNYAN 2020AY measured ${{\mathit \Upsilon}}$(1S) pair production cross section and searched for new states decaying into ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(1S)}}{{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ at CMS with 13 TeV with 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$. No signal is found and limits are set in ${{\mathit \sigma}}\cdot{}$BF vs. mass plane for tetra-${{\mathit b}}$-quarks with masses between 17.5 and 19 GeV and for generic search for narrow resonances with mass between 16.5 and 27 GeV.
16  SIRUNYAN 2020Z search for BSM physics via multilepton production with CMS at 13 TeV with 137 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal is found and limits are set on type-III seesaw and other BSM models.
17  AABOUD 2019H searches for di-photon-jet resonance at 13 TeV and 36.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data; no signal found and limits placed on ${{\mathit \sigma}}\cdot{}$BR vs. mass plane for various simplified models.
18  AABOUD 2019V review ATLAS searches for mediator-based DM at 7, 8, and 13 TeV with up to 37 fb${}^{-1}$ of data; no signal found and limits set for wide variety of simplified models of dark matter.
19  SIRUNYAN 2019O search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ $\not E_T$ at 13 TeV with 36.1 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal found and limits set for various simplified models.
20  AABOUD 2018CJ make multichannel search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}{{\mathit V}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$, ${{\mathit V}}$ = ${{\mathit W}},{{\mathit Z}},{{\mathit h}}$ at 13 TeV, 36.1 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal found; limits placed for several BSM models.
21  AABOUD 2018CM search for lepton-flavor violating resonance in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ $/$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ at 13 TeV, 36.1 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal is found and limits placed for various BSM models.
22  AAIJ 2018AJ search for prompt and delayed dark photon decay ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ at LHCb detector using 1.6 fb${}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at 13 TeV; limits on m(${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$) vs. kinetic mixing are set.
23  BANERJEE 2018 search for dark photon ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$/16.7 MeV boson ${{\mathit X}}$ at NA64 via ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit X}}$( ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$); no signal found and limits set on the ${{\mathit X}}-{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ coupling ${{\mathit \epsilon}_{{{e}}}}$ in the range $1.3 \times 10^{-4}{}\leq{}{{\mathit \epsilon}_{{{e}}}}{}\leq{}4.2 \times 10^{-4}$ excluding part of the allowed parameter space.
24  BANERJEE 2018A search for invisibly decaying dark photons in ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$, ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$ $\rightarrow$invisible; no signal found and limits set on mixing for m(${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$) $<$ 1 GeV.
25  MARSICANO 2018 search for dark photon ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$( ${{\mathit \gamma}}$) visible decay in SLAC E137 ${{\mathit e}}$ beam dump data. No signal observed and limits set in ${{\mathit \epsilon}}$ coupling vs m(${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$) plane, see their figure 7.
26  SIRUNYAN 2018BB search for high mass dilepton resonance; no signal found and exclude portions of p-space of ${{\mathit Z}^{\,'}}$, KK graviton models.
27  SIRUNYAN 2018DA search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ Black Hole, string ball, sphaleron via high multiplicity events at 13 TeV, 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal, require e.g. m(BH) $>$ 10.1 TeV.
28  SIRUNYAN 2018DD search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$ deviations in dijet angular distribution. No signal observed. Set limits on large extra dimensions, black holes and DM mediators e.g. m(BH) $>$ $5.9 - 8.2$ TeV.
29  SIRUNYAN 2018DR search for dimuon resonance in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\mathit \mu}}{{\overline{\mathit \mu}}}$ at 8 and 13 TeV. Slight excess seen at m(${{\mathit \mu}}{{\overline{\mathit \mu}}}$) $\sim{}$ 28 GeV in some channels.
30  SIRUNYAN 2018DU search for high mass diphoton resonance in ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ at 13 TeV using 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal; limits placed on RS Graviton, LED, and clockwork.
31  SIRUNYAN 2018ED search for ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit V}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit h}}$; ${{\mathit h}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$; ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ at 13 TeV with 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$; no signal; limits set on m(${{\mathit W}^{\,'}}$) $>$ 2.9 TeV.
32  AABOUD 2017B exclude m(${{\mathit W}^{\,'}}$, ${{\mathit Z}^{\,'}}$) $<1.49 - 2.31$ TeV depending on the couplings and ${{\mathit W}^{\,'}}/{{\mathit Z}^{\,'}}$ degeneracy assumptions via ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit H}}$, ${{\mathit Z}}{{\mathit H}}$ search in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at 13 TeV with 3.2$~$fb${}^{-1}$ of data.
33  AAIJ 2017BR search for long-lived hidden valley pions from Higgs decay. Limits are set on the signal strength as a function of the mass and lifetime of the long-lived particle in their Fig. 4 and Tab. 4.
34  AAD 2016O search for high $\mathit E_{T}{{\mathit \ell}}$ + (${{\mathit \ell}}$s or jets) with 3.2 fb${}^{-1}$ at 13 TeV; exclude micro black holes mass $<$ 8 TeV (Fig. 3) for models with two extra dimensions.
35  AAD 2016R search for ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$, ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$, resonance in 20.3 fb${}^{-1}$ at 8 TeV data; limits placed on massive RS graviton (Fig. 4).
36  KRASZNAHORKAY 2016 report ${{\mathit p}}$ ${}^{7}{}^{}\mathrm {Li}$ $\rightarrow$ ${}^{8}{}^{}\mathrm {Be}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit e}}}$ ${{\mathit N}}$ 5${{\mathit \sigma}}$ resonance at 16.7 MeV-- possible evidence for nuclear interference or new light boson. However, such nuclear interference was ruled out already by ZANG 2017.
37  LEES 2015E search for long-lived neutral particles produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ collisions in the Upsilon region, which decays into ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$, ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$, ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$, ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$, ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}$, or ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit K}^{\mp}}$. See their Fig. 2 for cross section limits.
38  ADAMS 1997B search for a hadron-like neutral particle produced in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit N}}$ interactions, which decays into a ${{\mathit \rho}^{0}}$ and a weakly interacting massive particle. Upper limits are given for the ratio to ${{\mathit K}_{{{L}}}}~$production for the mass range $1.2 - 5$ GeV and lifetime $10^{-9} - 10^{-4}~$s. See also our Light Gluino Section.
39  GALLAS 1995 limit is for a weakly interacting neutral particle produced in 800 GeV/$\mathit c$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit N}}$ interactions decaying with a lifetime of $10^{-4} - 10^{-8}~$s. See their Figs.$~$8 and 9. Similar limits are obtained for a stable particle with interaction cross section $10^{-29} - 10^{-33}$ cm${}^{2}$. See Fig.$~$10.
40  AKESSON 1991 limit is from weakly interacting neutral long-lived particles produced in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit N}}$ reaction at 450 GeV/$\mathit c$ performed at CERN$~$SPS. Bourquin-Gaillard formula is used as the production model. The above limit is for $\tau ~>~10^{-7}~$s. For $\tau ~>~10^{-9}~$s, $\sigma ~<~10^{-30}~$cm${}^{−2}$/nucleon is obtained.
41  BADIER 1986 looked for long-lived particles at 300 GeV ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ beam dump. The limit applies for nonstrongly interacting neutral or charged particles with mass $>$2 GeV. The limit applies for particle modes, ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$, ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$, ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ X, ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}$ etc. See their figure 5 for the contours of limits in the mass-$\tau $ plane for each mode.
42  GUSTAFSON 1976 is a 300 GeV FNAL experiment looking for heavy ($\mathit m$ $>$2 GeV) long-lived neutral hadrons in the M4 neutral beam. The above typical value is for $\mathit m$ = 3 GeV and assumes an interaction cross section of 1 mb. Values as a function of mass and interaction cross section are given in figure 2.
References