LIMITS ON CHARGED PARTICLES IN COSMIC RAYS

Superheavy Particle (Quark Matter) Flux in Cosmic Rays

INSPIRE   JSON  (beta) PDGID:
S015FQ
VALUE (cm${}^{-2}$sr${}^{-1}$s${}^{-1}$) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN  COMMENT
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
1
ADRIANI
2015
PMLA 4 $<$ $\mathit m$ $<1.2 \times 10^{5}{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit p}}}$
$<5 \times 10^{-16}$ 90 2
AMBROSIO
2000B
 MCRO $\mathit m>5 \times 10^{14}$ GeV
$<1.8 \times 10^{-12}$ 90 3
ASTONE
1993
CNTR $\mathit m{}\geq{}1.5 \times 10^{-13}$gram
$<1.1 \times 10^{-14}$ 90 4
AHLEN
1992
MCRO $10^{-10}<{\mathit m}_{\mathrm {}}<0.1$ gram
$<2.2 \times 10^{-14}$ 90 5
NAKAMURA
1991
PLAS $\mathit m>10^{11}$ GeV
$<6.4 \times 10^{-16}$ 90 6
ORITO
1991
PLAS $\mathit m>10^{12}$ GeV
$<2.0 \times 10^{-11}$ 90 7
LIU
1988
BOLO $\mathit m>1.5 \times 10^{-13}$ gram
$<4.7 \times 10^{-12}$ 90 8
BARISH
1987
CNTR $1.4 \times 10^{8}<\mathit m<10^{12}$ GeV
$<3.2 \times 10^{-11}$ 90 9
NAKAMURA
1985
CNTR $\mathit m$ $>1.5 \times 10^{-13}$gram
$<3.5 \times 10^{-11}$ 90 10
ULLMAN
1981
CNTR Planck-mass $10^{19}$GeV
$<7. \times 10^{-11}$ 90 10
ULLMAN
1981
CNTR $\mathit m{}\leq{}10^{16}$ GeV
1  ADRIANI 2015 search for relatively light quark matter with charge $\mathit Z$ = $1 - 8$. See their Figs. 2 and 3 for flux upper limits.
2  AMBROSIO 2000B searched for quark matter (``nuclearites'') in the velocity range ($10^{-5} - 1)~\mathit c$. The listed limit is for $2 \times 10^{-3}~\mathit c$.
3  ASTONE 1993 searched for quark matter (``nuclearites'') in the velocity range ($10^{-3} - 1)~\mathit c$. Their Table$~$1 gives a compilation of searches for nuclearites.
4  AHLEN 1992 searched for quark matter (``nuclearites''). The bound applies to velocity $<2.5 \times 10^{-3}~\mathit c$. See their Fig.$~$3 for other velocity/$\mathit c$ and heavier mass range.
5  NAKAMURA 1991 searched for quark matter in the velocity range ($4 \times 10^{-5} - 1)~\mathit c$.
6  ORITO 1991 searched for quark matter. The limit is for the velocity range ($10^{-4} - 10^{-3})~\mathit c$.
7  LIU 1988 searched for quark matter (``nuclearites'') in the velocity range ($2.5 \times 10^{-3} - 1)\mathit c$. A less stringent limit of $5.8 \times 10^{-11}$ applies for ($1 - 2.5){\times }10^{-3}\mathit c$.
8  BARISH 1987 searched for quark matter (``nuclearites'') in the velocity range ($2.7 \times 10^{-4} - 5 \times 10^{-3})\mathit c$.
9  NAKAMURA 1985 at KEK searched for quark-matter. These might be lumps of strange quark matter with roughly equal numbers of ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$, ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$, ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$ quarks. These lumps or nuclearites were assumed to have velocity of ($10^{-4}-10^{-3})~\mathit c$.
10  ULLMAN 1981 is sensitive for heavy slow singly charge particle reaching earth with vertical velocity 100$-$350 km/s.
References