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${{\mathit p}}$ MEAN LIFE

INSPIRE   PDGID:

S016T

A test of baryon conservation. See the “${{\mathit p}}$ Partial Mean Lives” section below for limits for identified final states. The limits here are to “anything” or are for “disappearance” modes of a bound proton (${{\mathit p}}$) or (${{\mathit n}}$). See also the 3${{\mathit \nu}}$ modes in the “Partial Mean Lives” section. Table$~$1 of BACK 2003 is a nice summary.

LIMIT (years) PARTICLE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN  COMMENT $ \bf{>0.96 \times 10^{30}} $ $\bf{{{\mathit p}}}$ 90 1 ALLEGA 2022 SNO+ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ \bf{>0.9 \times 10^{30}} $ $\bf{{{\mathit n}}}$ 90 2 ALLEGA 2022 SNO+ ${{\mathit n}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • $ >3.6 \times 10^{29} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 3 ANDERSON 2019 A SNO+ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >2.5 \times 10^{29} $ ${{\mathit n}}$ 90 3 ANDERSON 2019 A SNO+ ${{\mathit n}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >5.8 \times 10^{29} $ ${{\mathit n}}$ 90 4 ARAKI 2006 KLND ${{\mathit n}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >2.1 \times 10^{29} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 3 AHMED 2004 SNO ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >1.9 \times 10^{29} $ ${{\mathit n}}$ 90 3 AHMED 2004 SNO ${{\mathit n}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >1.8 \times 10^{25} $ ${{\mathit n}}$ 90 5 BACK 2003 BORX $ >1.1 \times 10^{26} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 5 BACK 2003 BORX $ >3.5 \times 10^{28} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 6 ZDESENKO 2003 ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >1 \times 10^{28} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 7 AHMAD 2002 SNO ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ invisible $ >4 \times 10^{23} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 95 TRETYAK 2001 ${{\mathit d}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit n}}{+}$ ? $ >1.9 \times 10^{24} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 90 8 BERNABEI 2000 B DAMA $ >1.6 \times 10^{25} $ ${{\mathit p}}$, ${{\mathit n}}$ 9, 10 EVANS 1977 $ >3 \times 10^{23} $ ${{\mathit p}}$ 10 DIX 1970 CNTR $ >3 \times 10^{23} $ ${{\mathit p}}$, ${{\mathit n}}$ 11, 10 FLEROV 1958 1  ALLEGA 2022 look for ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ rays from the de-excitation of a residual ${}^{15}\mathrm {N}{}^{*}$ following the disappearance of ${{\mathit p}}$ in ${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$. 2  ALLEGA 2022 look for ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ rays from the de-excitation of a residual ${}^{15}\mathrm {O}{}^{*}$ following the disappearance of ${{\mathit n}}$ in ${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$. 3  AHMED 2004 and ANDERSON 2019A look for ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ rays from the de-excitation of a residual ${}^{15}\mathrm {O}{}^{*}$ or ${}^{15}\mathrm {N}{}^{*}$ following the disappearance of a neutron or proton in ${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$. 4  ARAKI 2006 looks for signs of de-excitation of the residual nucleus after disappearance of a neutron from the $\mathit s$ shell of ${}^{12}\mathrm {C}$. 5  BACK 2003 looks for decays of unstable nuclides left after ${{\mathit N}}$ decays of parent ${}^{12}\mathrm {C}$, ${}^{13}\mathrm {C}$, ${}^{16}\mathrm {O}$ nuclei. These are ``invisible channel'' limits. 6  ZDESENKO 2003 gets this limit on proton disappearance in deuterium by analyzing SNO data in AHMAD 2002 . 7  AHMAD 2002 (see its footnote 7) looks for neutrons left behind after the disappearance of the proton in deuterons. 8  BERNABEI 2000B looks for the decay of a ${}^{128}_{53}{}^{}\mathrm {I}$ nucleus following the disappearance of a proton in the otherwise-stable ${}^{129}_{54}{}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ nucleus. 9  EVANS 1977 looks for the daughter nuclide ${}^{129}\mathrm {Xe}$ from possible ${}^{130}\mathrm {Te}$ decays in ancient Te ore samples. 10  This mean-life limit has been obtained from a half-life limit by dividing the latter by ln(2) = 0.693. 11  FLEROV 1958 looks for the spontaneous fission of a ${}^{232}\mathrm {Th}$ nucleus after the disappearance of one of its nucleons.

Conservation Laws:

BARYON NUMBER

References:

ALLEGA 2022 PR D105 112012 Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+detector ANDERSON 2019A PR D99 032008 Search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector ARAKI 2006 PRL 96 101802 Search for the Invisible Decay of Neutrons with KamLAND AHMED 2004 PRL 92 102004 Constraints on Nucleon Decay via ``Invisible'' Modes from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory BACK 2003 PL B563 23 New Limits on Nucleon Decays into Invisible Channels with the BOREXINO Counting Test Facility (CTF-II) ZDESENKO 2003 PL B553 135 To what Extent does the Latest SNO Result Guarantee the Proton Stability? AHMAD 2002 PRL 89 011301 Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory TRETYAK 2001 PL B505 59 Experimental Limits on the Proton Lifetime from the Neutrino Experiments with Heavy Water BERNABEI 2000B PL B493 12 Search for the Nucleon and di-Nucleon Decay into Invisible Channels EVANS 1977 SCI 197 989 Nucleon Stability: a Geochemical Test Independent of Decay Mode DIX 1970 Thesis Case Search for Proton Decay as a Test of Baryon Conservation FLEROV 1958 DOKL 3 79 Spontaneous Fission of ${}^{232}\mathrm {Th}$ and the Stability of Nucleons