Monopole Production Cross Section $-$ Accelerator Searches INSPIRE search

X-SECT (cm${}^{2}$) MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$ CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit g)}}$ ENERGY ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$ BEAM DOCUMENT ID TECN
$\text{<2.5E-37}$ $200 - 6000$ 1 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1
 2017
INDU
$\text{<2E-37}$ $200 - 6000$ 2 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1
 2017
INDU
$\text{<4E-37}$ $200 - 5000$ 3 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1
 2017
INDU
$\text{<1.5E-36}$ $400 - 4000$ 4 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1
 2017
INDU
$\text{<7E-36}$ $1000 - 3000$ 5 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1
 2017
INDU
$\text{<5E-40}$ $200 - 2500$ $0.5 - 2.0$ 8000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 2
 2016 AB
ATLS
$\text{<2E-37}$ $100 - 3500$ 1 8000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 3
 2016
INDU
$\text{<2E-37}$ $100 - 3500$ 2 8000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 3
 2016
INDU
$\text{<6E-37}$ $500 - 3000$ 3 8000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 3
 2016
INDU
$\text{<7E-36}$ $1000 - 2000$ 4 8000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 3
 2016
INDU
$\text{<1.6E-38}$ $200 - 1200$ 1 7000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 4
 2012 CS
ATLS
$\text{<5E-38}$ $45 - 102$ 1 206 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ 5
 2008
OPAL
$\text{<0.2E-36}$ $200 - 700$ 1 1960 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 6
 2006 K
CNTR
$\text{< 2.E-36}$ 1 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 8
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.2 E-36}$ 2 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 8
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.09E-36}$ 3 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 8
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.05E-36}$ ${}\geq{}$6 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 8
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 2.E-36}$ 1 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 9
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.2E-36}$ 2 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 9
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.07E-36}$ 3 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 9
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{< 0.06E-36}$ ${}\geq{}$6 300 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ 7, 9
 2005 A
INDU
$\text{<0.6E-36}$ >265 1 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 10
 2004
INDU
$\text{<0.2E-36}$ >355 2 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 10
 2004
INDU
$\text{<0.07E-36}$ >410 3 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 10
 2004
INDU
$\text{<0.2E-36}$ >375 6 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 10
 2004
INDU
$\text{<0.7E-36}$ >295 1 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 11, 12
 2000
INDU
$\text{<7.8E-36}$ >260 2 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 11, 12
 2000
INDU
$\text{<2.3E-36}$ >325 3 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 11, 13
 2000
INDU
$\text{<0.11E-36}$ >420 6 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ 11, 13
 2000
INDU
$\text{<0.65E-33}$ <3.3 ${}\geq{}$2 11$\mathit A$ ${}^{197}\mathrm {Au}$ 14, 15
 1997
$\text{<1.90E-33}$ <8.1 ${}\geq{}$2 160$\mathit A$ ${}^{208}\mathrm {Pb}$ 14, 15
 1997
$\text{<3.E-37}$ <45.0 1.0 $88 - 94$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1993
PLAS
$\text{<3.E-37}$ <41.6 2.0 $88 - 94$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1993
PLAS
$\text{<7.E-35}$ <44.9 $0.2 - 1.0$ $89 - 93$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1992
PLAS
$\text{<2.E-34}$ <850 ${}\geq{}$0.5 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
 1990
PLAS
$\text{<1.2E-33}$ <800 ${}\geq{}$1 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
 1990
PLAS
$\text{<1.E-37}$ <29 1 50$-$61 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1989
PLAS
$\text{<1.E-37}$ <18 2 50$-$61 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1989
PLAS
$\text{<1.E-38}$ <17 <1 35 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1988 B
CNTR
$\text{<8.E-37}$ <24 1 50$-$52 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1988
PLAS
$\text{<1.3E-35}$ <22 2 50$-$52 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1988
PLAS
$\text{<9.E-37}$ <4 <0.15 10.6 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1987
CLEO
$\text{<3.E-32}$ <800 ${}\geq{}$1 1800 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
 1987
PLAS
$\text{<3.E-38}$ <3 29 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1984
PLAS
$\text{<1.E-31}$ 1,3 540 ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$
 1983 B
PLAS
$\text{<4.E-38}$ <10 <6 34 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1983
PLAS
$\text{<8.E-36}$ <20 52 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 16
 1982
CNTR
$\text{<9.E-37}$ <30 <3 29 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
 1982
PLAS
$\text{<1.E-37}$ <20 <24 63 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$
 1978
CNTR
$\text{<1.E-37}$ <30 <3 56 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$
 1978
PLAS
 62 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 16
 1976
SPRK
$\text{<4.E-33}$ 300 ${{\mathit p}}$ 16
 1976 B
SPRK
$\text{<1.E-40}$ <5 <2 70 ${{\mathit p}}$ 17
 1976
CNTR
$\text{<2.E-30}$ 300 ${{\mathit n}}$ 16
 1975
OSPK
$\text{<1.E-38}$ 8 ${{\mathit \nu}}$ 18
 1975
HLBC
$\text{<5.E-43}$ <12 <10 400 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1975 B
INDU
$\text{<2.E-36}$ <30 <3 60 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$
 1975
PLAS
$\text{<5.E-42}$ <13 <24 400 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1974
CNTR
$\text{<6.E-42}$ <12 <24 300 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1973
CNTR
$\text{<2.E-36}$ 1 0.001 ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ 17
 1972
CNTR
$\text{<1.E-41}$ <5 70 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1972
EMUL
$\text{<1.E-40}$ <3 <2 28 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1963
EMUL
$\text{<2.E-40}$ <3 <2 30 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1963
CNTR
$\text{<1.E-35}$ <3 <4 28 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1961
CNTR
$\text{<2.E-35}$ <1 1 6 ${{\mathit p}}$
 1959
EMUL
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$\text{<1.3E-40}$ $200 - 4000$ 1 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 19
 2020 G
ATLS
$\text{<5.6E-40}$ $500 - 4000$ 2 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 19
 2020 G
ATLS
 $200 - 5000$ 2 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 20
 2019 B
INDU
 $200 - 5000$ 1 13000 ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ 21
 2018 A
INDU
1  The search was sensitive to monopoles which had stopped in aluminium trapping volumes. Monopoles with spins 0 and 1/2 were considered; mass-dependent spin 1/2 monopole limits are quoted here.
2  AAD 2016AB model-independent 95$\%$ CL limits estimated using a fiducial region of approximately constant acceptance. Limits are mass-dependent.
3  ACHARYA 2016 limits at 95$\%$ CL estimated using a Drell-Yan-like production mechanism for scalar monopoles.
4  AAD 2012CS searched for monopoles as highly ionising objects. The cross section limits are based on an assumed Drell Yan-like production process for spin 1/2 monopoles. The limits are mass- and scenario-dependent.
5  ABBIENDI 2008 assume production of spin 1/2 monopoles with effective charge $\mathit g\beta$ (n=1), via ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}^{*}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit M}}{{\overline{\mathit M}}}$ , so that the cross section is proportional to (1 + cos $^2\theta$). There is no $\mathit z$ information for such highly saturated tracks, so a parabolic track in the jet chamber is projected onto the $\mathit xy$ plane. Charge per hit in the chamber produces a clean separation of signal and background.
6  ABULENCIA 2006K searches for high-ionizing signals in CDF central outer tracker and time-of-flight detector. For Drell-Yan ${{\mathit M}}{{\overline{\mathit M}}}$ production, the cross section limit implies ${{\mathit M}}$ $>$ 360 GeV at 95$\%$ CL.
7  AKTAS 2005A model-dependent limits as a function of monopole mass shown for arbitrary mass of 60 GeV. Based on search for stopped monopoles in the H1 Al beam pipe.
8  AKTAS 2005A limits with assumed elastic spin 0 monopole pair production.
9  AKTAS 2005A limits with assumed inelastic spin 1/2 monopole pair production.
10  KALBFLEISCH 2004 reports searches for stopped magnetic monopoles in ${}^{}\mathrm {Be}$, ${}^{}\mathrm {Al}$, and ${}^{}\mathrm {Pb}$ samples obtained from discarded material from the upgrading of ${D0}$ and CDF. A large-aperture warm-bore cryogenic detector was used. The approach was an extension of the methods of KALBFLEISCH 2000 . Cross section results moderately model dependent; interpretation as a mass lower limit depends on possibly invalid perturbation expansion.
11  KALBFLEISCH 2000 used an induction method to search for stopped monopoles in pieces of the ${D0}$ (FNAL) beryllium beam pipe and in extensions to the drift chamber aluminum support cylinder. Results are model dependent.
12  KALBFLEISCH 2000 result is for aluminum.
13  KALBFLEISCH 2000 result is for beryllium.
14  HE 1997 used a lead target and barium phosphate glass detectors. Cross-section limits are well below those predicted via the Drell-Yan mechanism.
15  This work has also been reinterpreted in the framework of monopole production via the thermal Schwinger process (GOULD 2017 ); this gives rise to lower mass limits.
16  Multiphoton events.
18  Re-examines CERN neutrino experiments.
19  AAD 2020G give limits for Drell-Yan production with spin-0 and spin-1/2 monopoles. The above limit is for spin = 0 at mass = 3 TeV.
20  ACHARYA 2019B limits both ${{\mathit \beta}}$-dependent and ${{\mathit \beta}}$-independent on monopoles with spins 0, 1/2, and 1 and with magnetic charges ranging from one to five times the Dirac charge in mass ranges between 200 GeV and 5000 GeV.
21  ACHARYA 2018A provide limits on monopoles with spins 0, 1/2, and 1 and with magnetic charges ranging from two to five times the Dirac charge.
References:
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 ACHARYA 2019B
PRL 123 021802 Magnetic Monopole Search with the Full MoEDAL Trapping Detector in 13 TeV pp Collisions Interpreted in Photon-Fusion and Drell-Yan Production
 ACHARYA 2018A
PL B782 510 Search for magnetic monopoles with the MoEDAL forward trapping detector in 2.11 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC
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PL B663 37 Search for Dirac Magnetic Monopoles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions with the OPAL Detector at LEP2
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PRL 85 5292 Improved Experimental Limits on the Production of Magnetic Monopoles
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PRL 79 3134 Search for a Dirac Magnetic Monopole in High Energy Nucleus Nucleus Collisions
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PL B316 407 A Search for Highly Ionizing Particles Produced at the OPAL Interaction Points at LEP
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PR D46 881 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at $\sqrt {s }$ = 91.1 GeV
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EPL 12 613 Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the Tevatron Collider
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PRL 65 149 High Luminosity Search for Highly Ionizing Particles at the Fermilab Collider
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PL B228 543 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation at $\sqrt {s }$=50-60.8 GeV
 BRAUNSCHWEIG 1988B
ZPHY C38 543 A Search for Particles with Magnetic Charge Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at $\sqrt {s }$ = 35 GeV
 KINOSHITA 1988
PRL 60 1610 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at $\sqrt {s }$ = 50-52 GeV
 GENTILE 1987
PR D35 1081 Search for Magnetically Charged Particles Produced in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilations at $\sqrt {s }$ = 10.6 GeV
 PRICE 1987
PRL 59 2523 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles at the Fermilab Proton Antiproton Collider
 FRYBERGER 1984
PR D29 1524 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ 29 GeV
 AUBERT 1983B
PL 120B 465 Search for Magnetic Monopoles in Proton Antiproton Interactions at 540 GeV $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$
 MUSSET 1983
PL 128B 333 Search for Magnetic Monopoles in Electron Positron Collisions at 34 GeV $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$
 DELL 1982
NP B209 45 Multigamma Ray Events at the CERN ISR
 KINOSHITA 1982
PRL 48 77 Search for Highly Ionizing Particles in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 29 GeV
 CARRIGAN 1978
PR D17 1754 Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the CERN ISR
 HOFFMANN 1978
LNC 23 357 A New Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the CERN ISR with Plastic Detectors
 DELL 1976
LNC 15 269 An Investigation of High Multiplicity ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ Events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions with $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ between 22 and 62 GeV
 STEVENS 1976B
PR D14 2207 Search for Multiphoton Events from Proton Nuclei Interactions at 300 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
 ZRELOV 1976
CZJP B26 1306 Search for the Dirac Monopole over the Vavilov-Cherenkov Radiation using the 70 GeV IHEP Proton Synchrotron
 BURKE 1975
PL 60B 113 Search for Anomalous Multiphoton Production at Fermilab Energies
 CARRIGAN 1975
NP B91 279 Search for Neutrino Produced Magnetic Monopoles in a Bubble Chamber Exposure
 EBERHARD 1975B
LBL-4289 Status of Searches for Magnetic Monopoles
 GIACOMELLI 1975
NC 28A 21 Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the CERN ISR with Plastic Detectors
 CARRIGAN 1974
PR D10 3867 Extension of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Magnetic Monopole Search to 400 GeV
 CARRIGAN 1973
PR D8 3717 Search for Magnetic Monopole Production by 300 GeV Protons
 BARTLETT 1972
PR D6 1817 Search for Tachyon Monopoles
 GUREVICH 1972
PL 38B 549 Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the 70 GeV IHEP Proton Synchrotron
 AMALDI 1963
NC 28 773 Search for Dirac Magnetic Poles
 PURCELL 1963
PR 129 2326 Search for the Dirac Monopole with 30 BeV Protons
 FIDECARO 1961
NC 22 657 Search for Magnetic Monopoles