Monopole Flux $-$ Astrophysics

INSPIRE   JSON  (beta) PDGID:
S028FA
FLUX (cm${}^{-2}$sr${}^{-1}$s${}^{-1}$) MASS ${\mathrm {(GeV)}}$ CHG ${\mathrm {(\mathit g)}}$ COMMENTS ${\mathrm {(\beta = \mathit v/\mathit c)}}$ DOCUMENT ID TECN
$ <3 \times 10^{-21} $ $<10^{18}$ $1$ Parker 1
KOBAYASHI
2023A
 COSM
$ <1.3 \times 10^{-20} $ faint white dwarf 2
FREESE
1999
ASTR
$ <1 \times 10^{-16} $ $10^{17}$ $1$ galactic field 3
ADAMS
1993
COSM
$ <1 \times 10^{-23} $ Jovian planets 2
ARAFUNE
1985
ASTR
$ <1 \times 10^{-16} $ $10^{15}$ solar trapping
BRACCI
1985B
 ASTR
$ <1 \times 10^{-18} $ $1$ 2
HARVEY
1984
COSM
$ <3 \times 10^{-23} $ neutron stars
KOLB
1984
ASTR
$ <7 \times 10^{-22} $ pulsars 2
FREESE
1983B
 ASTR
$ <1 \times 10^{-18} $ $<10^{18}$ $1$ intergalactic field 2
REPHAELI
1983
COSM
$ <1 \times 10^{-23} $ neutron stars 2
DIMOPOULOS
1982
COSM
$ <5 \times 10^{-22} $ neutron stars 2
KOLB
1982
COSM
$ <5 \times 10^{-15} $ $>10^{21}$ galactic halo
SALPETER
1982
COSM
$ <1 \times 10^{-12} $ $10^{19}$ $1$ $\beta =3 \times 10^{-3}$ 4
TURNER
1982
COSM
$ <1 \times 10^{-16} $ $1$ galactic field
PARKER
1970
COSM
1  KOBAYASHI 2023A found Parker-type bounds on magnetic monopoles with arbitrary magnetic charge based on the survival of galactic, seed, and primordial magnetic fields. Bounds are between $3 \times 10^{-21}$ and $10^{-5}$ cm${}^{-2}$sr${}^{-1}$s${}^{-1}$ for masses $<$ $10^{18}$ GeV. Reported bound is the most stringent one.
2  Catalysis of nucleon decay.
3  ADAMS 1993 limit based on ``survival and growth of a small galactic seed field'' is $10^{-16}$ ($\mathit m/10^{17}$ GeV) cm${}^{-2}~$s${}^{-1}~$sr${}^{-1}$. Above $10^{17}$ GeV, limit $10^{-16}$ ($10^{17}$ GeV/$\mathit m$) cm${}^{-2}~$s${}^{-1}~$sr${}^{-1}$ (from requirement that monopole density does not overclose the universe) is more stringent.
4  Re-evaluates PARKER 1970 limit for GUT monopoles.
References