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¹	ANGLOHER 2024 search for spin-independent light WIMP (mass between 0.16 and 6 GeV) scatter on diamond target. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ vs mass plane for sub-GeV WIMPs. Quoted limit is for m(WIMP) = 0.2 GeV.

²	ANGLOHER 2024B search for low mass m(wimp) $\sim{}$100 MeV. No signal observed. Limits placed in cross section vs. mass plane. Quoted limit for m(wimp) = 100 MeV.

³	AALBERS 2023A search for ${{\mathit e}}$ recoil events from GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$. No signal observed. Limits placed on 6 different models including ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ $<$ $3 \times 10^{-3}$ for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ 1 GeV via Migdal scattering.

⁴	AGNES 2023 for for light DM via ${{\mathit e}}$ recoil/Migdal effect. No signal observed. ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}$N) $<$ $4 \times 10^{-7}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 3 GeV.

⁵	AGNES 2023B search for GeV-scale DM scatter on nucleons in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$. No signal observed. Limit ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) $<$ $6 \times 10^{-7}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 3 GeV.

⁶	ALBAKRY 2023 search for light DM via Migdal effect. No signal observed. Allow ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ $<$ $0.5$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$)=1 GeV (see e.g. Fig. 7).

⁷	AMBROSONE 2023 derive limits on ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit p}}$) due to possible DM distortion of cosmic ray spectra in starburst galaxies. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. mass ($10^{-3} - 10$ MeV) plane, the most stringent given above being at 1 keV.

⁸	ANGLOHER 2023 search for light DM using ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ target. No signal observed. Require ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ $<$ $70$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.3 GeV (see e.g. Fig. 5).

⁹	LI 2023F searches for SI light DM scatter from ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$. No signal observed. The quoted limit for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 4 GeV.

¹⁰	MA 2023A search for GeV-scale DM using PandaX-4T. No signal observed. ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit p}}$) $<$ $5 \times 10^{-10}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 10 GeV.

¹¹	ADHIKARI 2022B search for sub-GeV WIMPs via SI and SD detection; no signal detected; limits placed in m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) vs. ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$): $0.2 - 3$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 1 GeV.

¹²	ARMENGAUD 2022 search for GeV-scale DM scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ at EDELWEISS via Migdal effect; no signal observed; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(DM) plane; quoted limit is for m(DM) = 100 MeV.

¹³	CUI 2022 search for sub-GeV boosted DM at PandaX-II at CJPL; no signal detected; limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit p}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane; quoted limit for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.1 GeV.

¹⁴	XU 2022 search for sub-GeV boosted DM in CDEX; no signal observed; limits placed in ${\mathit \sigma (}{{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}{)}$ vs. m(DM) plane; quoted limit is for m(DM) = 0.1 GeV.

¹⁵	AKERIB 2021A present new technique for low mass WIMP detection. Require ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \chi}}$) $<$ $2 \times 10^{-7}$ pb for m(WIMP) 10 GeV.

¹⁶	ALKHATIB 2021 search for light DM using SuperCDMS; require ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit p}}{{\mathit \chi}}$) $<$ $5 \times 10^{6}$ for m(DM) = 0.1 GeV.

¹⁷	ANDRIAMIRADO 2021A search for upscattered (boosted) sub-GeV DM interacting with proton in PROSPECT detector. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ 1 keV $−$ 0.5 GeV. The listed limit is for m(DM) = 1 keV.

¹⁸	APRILE 2021 search for low recoil energy GeV-scale DM in XENON1T with 1.6 keV threshold. No signal in 0.6 t y exposure. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) between $3 - 12$ GeV. The listed limit is for m(DM) = 5 GeV.

¹⁹	AGUILAR-AREVALO 2020C search for WIMP SI scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ using DAMIC at SNOLab; some excess; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs m(DM) for m(DM) in $1.2 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit for m(WIMP) = 2 GeV.

²⁰	AKERIB 2020A search for GeV-scale WIMPs via WIMP-nucleon scatter with single photon emission; no signal; limits placed in m(WIMP) vs ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ plane: for example ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit n}}$) $<$ $8 \times 10^{-4}$ pb for m(WIMP) = 2.5 GeV.

²¹	ABDELHAMEED 2019A search for GeV scale dark matter SI scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {CaWO}_{4}$; no signal, limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. mass plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $0.1 - 10$ GeV. The listed limit is for m(DM) = 1 GeV.

²²	AGNESE 2019A search for $1.5 - 10$ GeV WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ in CDMSlite dataset. Limits set in a likelihood analysis. No signal was observed. Limit reported for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

²³

AKERIB 2019 search for $0.4 - 5$ GeV DM using bremsstrahlung photons and "Migdal" electrons; $1.4 \times 10^{4}$ kg d exposure of liquid ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; constraint ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) $<$ 1 pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV in light scalar mediator model.

²⁴	AMOLE 2019 search for SI WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {C}_{3}{}^{}\mathrm {F}_{8}$ in PICO-60 bubble chamber; no signal: set limit for spin independent coupling ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) $<$ $1 \times 10^{-6}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

²⁵	APRILE 2019C search for light DM scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ via atomic excitation, ionization (Migdal effect) or bremsstrahlung; no signal, limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $0.085 - 2$ GeV. The listed limit is for m(DM) = 1 GeV.

²⁶	APRILE 2019D search for light DM scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ via ionization to probe SI, SD, and ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$ cross sections; with 22 t d exposure, limits placed in various ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. m(DM) planes. Quoted limit is for m(DM) = 5 GeV.

²⁷	ARMENGAUD 2019search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $0.045 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

²⁸	KOBAYASHI 2019 search for sub-GeV WIMP annual modulation in ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ via brems; no signal; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $0.3 - 1$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.5 GeV.

²⁹	LIU 2019B seach for sub-GeV DM using Migdal effect on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ at CDEX-IB; no signal, require ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) $<$ $7 \times 10^{2}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.1 GeV.

³⁰	AGNES 2018 search for $1.8 - 20$ GeV WIMP SI scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³¹	AGNESE 2018 search for GeV scale WIMPs using CDMSlite; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $1.5 - 20$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³²	APRILE 2018 search for WIMP scatter on 1 t yr ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; no signal, limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $6 - 1000$ GeV; quoted limit is for m = 6 GeV.

³³	ARNAUD 2018 search for low mass WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ne}$ via SPC at NEWS-G; limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $0.5 - 20$ GeV; quoted limit is for m = 5 GeV.

³⁴	JIANG 2018 search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $3 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³⁵	YANG 2018 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $2 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³⁶	AKERIB 2017 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $5 - 1 \times 10^{5}$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³⁷

ANGLOHER 2017A search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Al}_{2}{}^{}\mathrm {O}_{3}$ crystal; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $0.15 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³⁸	ANGLOHER 2016 search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {CaWO}_{4}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $0.5 - 30$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

³⁹	APRILE 2016 search for low mass WIMPs via ionization at XENON100; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}{}^{SI}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $3.5 - 20$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁰	ARMENGAUD 2016 search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 30$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴¹

HEHN 2016 search for low mass WIMPs via SI scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ target using profile likelihood analysis; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 30$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴²	ZHAO 2016 search for GeV-scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 30$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴³	AMOLE 2015 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {C}_{3}{}^{}\mathrm {F}_{8}$ in PICO-2L; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 25$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁴	XIAO 2015 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ with PandaX-I; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $5 - 100$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁵	AGNESE 2014 search for GeV scale WIMPs SI scatter at SuperCDMS; no signal, limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $3.5 - 30$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁶	AKERIB 2014 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $5 - 5000$ GeV. Limit given for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁷	LI 2013B search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 100$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁴⁸	ARCHAMBAULT 2012 search for low mass WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {C}_{4}{}^{}\mathrm {F}_{10}$; limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $4 - 12$ GeV; quoted limit is for m = 5 GeV.

⁴⁹	AALSETH 2011 search for GeV-scale SI WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; limits placed on ${{\mathit \sigma}}{}^{SI}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $3.5 - 100$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁵⁰	AHMED 2011B search for GeV scale WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ in CDMS II; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SD}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit n}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $4 - 12$ GeV.

⁵¹	ANGLE 2011 search for GeV scale WIMPs in Xenon-10; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $4 - 20$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 5 GeV.

⁵²	AKERIB 2010 search for WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}/{}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ in CDMS II; limits place in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{SI}}}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $3 - 100$ GeV. Limit given for m(DM) = 5 GeV.

References

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2025 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT (Japan), INFN (Italy) and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2025. See LBNL disclaimers.

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