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¹	ABE 2024A report Kamland-Zen search for de-excitation of WIMP DM bound to nucleus due to small mass splitting with charged WIMP partner. No signal observed. Limits placed in several parameter planes such as charged WIMP decay width vs. mass splitting (e.g. Fig. 7).

²	AGNES 2024 search for annual modulation signal from wimp interactions in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$. No signal observed.

³	ARNQUIST 2024A report DAMIC-M search for MeV-scale DM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$ via mediator. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$(e) vs m plane.

⁴	ABE 2023A search for boosted sub-GeV DM using 0.37 Mt$\cdot{}$y exposure of SuperK data. No signal observed. Model dependent limits set, see Fig. 3 corrected in ABE 2023G erratum.

⁵	ADAMS 2023 search for inelastic DM scatter in fluorocarbons. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) mass splitting plane.

⁶	ADHIKARI 2023B search for boosted heavy photon DM in MeV range using Cosine-100. No signal observed. Limits placed in coupling vs. mass plane for masses $1 - 100$ MeV.

⁷	AL-KHARUSI 2023 search for absorption of MeV-scale DM with 234.1 kg$\cdot{}$y exposure of ${}^{136}\mathrm {Xe}$, triggering beta decay. No signal observed. Limit placed in cross section vs. mass plane for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = $1.7 - 11.6$ MeV (see Fig. 5).

⁸	APRILE 2023 search for multiple scatter events from Planck scale-DM particles. No signal observed. Limits set on ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ and ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SD}}$ on ${{\mathit n}}$ and ${{\mathit p}}$.

⁹	HUANG 2023 search for MeV-scale scalar DM interacting via GeV-scale dark mediator. Limits placed on cross section vs. mass plane.

¹⁰

NING 2023A search for boosted LDM arising from ${{\mathit \eta}}$ decays which are produced in CR events with 0.63 t$\cdot{}$y exposure. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit N}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for various mediator models and branching fraction assumptions (see Fig. 2).

¹¹	ADHIKARI 2022 search for multiple scatter of Planck scale DM on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$ using DEAP detector. No signal observed. Limits placed in mass vs. cross section plane for m(DM): $10^{7} - 10^{19}$ GeV.

¹²	ADHIKARI 2022D report search for annual modulation signal of DM in a 173 kg$\cdot{}$yr exposure of ${}^{}\mathrm {NaI}$; result consistent with both the modulation amplitude reported by DAMA/LIBRA and no-modulation .

¹³	DAI 2022A search for MeV-scale exotic DM interaction with ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; no signal observed; limits set in m(DM) vs. cross section plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $5 - 60$ MeV in simplified model.

¹⁴	GU 2022 use PANDAX to search for absorption of fermionic DM in MeV range in ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; no signal observed; limits set in m(DM) vs. cross section plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $30 - 125$ MeV.

¹⁵	ZHANG 2022 search for light DM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$; no signal observed; limits placed in $\sigma \cdot{}v$ vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $10 - 180$ keV.

¹⁶	AKERIB 2021B place limits on 15 WIMP non-relativistic EFT couplings for m(DM): $10 - 4000$ GeV using 3.14 kg d exposure.

¹⁷

AMARE 2021 search for WIMP annual modulation signal on ${}^{}\mathrm {NaI}$ target in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC). With an effective exposure of 313.95 kg y, and a sensitivity of 2.5 ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ no signal is observed. Incompatible with DAMA/LIBRA at 3.3 ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ level.

¹⁸	WANG 2021K use CDEX detector to search for WIMP dark matter scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; no signal observed; limits placed on 14 non-relativistic effective operators along with WIMP-pion coupling for m(WIMP) $\sim{}$ $3 - 20$ GeV.

¹⁹	AGOSTINI 2020 search for keV$-$MeV scale super-WIMP absorption in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ in GERDA; no signal; limits placed on keV$-$MeV scale bosonic superWIMPs in coupling vs. mass plane.

²⁰	ANDRIANAVALOMAHEFA 2020 search for hidden photon DM in eV range; place limits in m(DM) vs ln(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane: exclude coupling ${{\mathit \chi}}{ {}\lesssim{} }$ $1 \times 10^{-12}$ for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $2.5 - 7$ eV.

²¹	CLARK 2020 use Majorana and Xe-1-ton data to constrain superheavy multply interacting dark matter (MIMP) in range m$\sim{}$ $10^{8} - 10^{17}$ GeV depending on interaction cross section.

²²	ABRAMOFF 2019 search for MeV scale DM via DM$−{{\mathit e}}$ scattering and dark photon DM via absorption in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$; limits set in coupling vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane and on dark photon in m(${{\mathit A}}$) vs. kinetic mixing parameter plane.

²³	ADHIKARI 2019 search for annual modulation signal from WIMP scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Na}{}^{}\mathrm {I}$ with 1.7 yr exposure; result consistent with both DAMA/LIBRA and null hypothesis.

²⁴	AMARE 2019 is ANAIS-112 search for WIMP scatter annual modulation on ${}^{}\mathrm {NaI}$; 157.55 kg yr exposure; result compatible with null hypothesis; confirm goal of reaching sensitivity at 3${{\mathit \sigma}}$ to DAMA/LIBRA result in 5 years.

²⁵	APRILE 2019 search for WIMP-pion scattering in ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; no signal: require ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) $<$ $6.4 \times 10^{-10}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 30 GeV.

²⁶	BRINGMANN 2019 derive theoretically limits on GeV and sub-GeV mass dark matter, in its high energy component generated by interaction with cosmic rays; place limits on ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SI}}$ and ${{\mathit \sigma}^{SD}}$ $<$ $10^{5}$ pb.

²⁷	BRUNE 2019 examine possibility of Majoron dark matter; limits placed on Majoron mass vs. coupling from SN1987a and ${{\mathit \nu}}$-less double beta decay.

²⁸	CHOI 2019 from multimessenger observation finds limit on ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \chi}}$)/m(DM) $<$ $5.1 \times 10^{-23}$ cm${}^{2}$/GeV based on 290 TeV IceCube neutrino event.

²⁹	HA 2019 search for inelastic boosted MeV scale dark photon using COSINE-100 data; limits placed in m vs. epsilon plane for various mediators.

³⁰	KLOPF 2019 search for DM via ${{\mathit n}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$; no signal: limits placed in branching fraction vs. m(${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$) plane.

³¹	AARTSEN 2018D search for long-lived DM particles decaying ${{\mathit \chi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit X}}$; no excess seen; for DM masses above 10 TeV, excluding lifetimes shorter than $10^{28}$ s.

³²	ABE 2018F search for keV mass ALPs and hidden photons (HP) scatter on electrons; limits set on mass vs. coupling.

³³	AGNES 2018B search for MeV-scale DM scatter on electrons in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$; no signal; require ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) $<$ $9 \times 10^{-3}$ pb for DM form factor F(DM) = 1 and $<$ 300 pb for F(DM) proportional to 1/q${}^{2}$ for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 100 MeV.

³⁴	AGNESE 2018B search for MeV scale DM via DM-${{\mathit e}}$ scattering and dark photon DM via absorption in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$; limits set on MeV DM in coupling vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane and on dark photon in m(${{\mathit A}^{\,'}}$) vs. kinetic mixing plane.

³⁵	AKERIB 2018A search for annual and diurnal modulation of DM scattering rate on electrons for recoil energy between 2 and 6 keVee; no signal found.

³⁶	ARMENGAUD 2018 search for ALP from the Sun and galactic bosonic DM, interacting in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; no signal; limits set for $0.8 - 500$ keV DM particles.

³⁷	KACHULIS 2018 search for an excess of elastically scattered electrons above the atmospheric neutrino background in Super-K; limits placed for simple annihilation or decay in the Sun or galactic center producing "boosted" dark matter.

³⁸	AGUILAR-AREVALO 2017 search for hidden photon DM scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ target CCD; limit kinetic mixing ${{\mathit \kappa}}$ $<$ $1 \times 10^{-12}$ for m = 10 eV.

³⁹	APRILE 2017 search for WIMP-${{\mathit e}}$ annual modulation signal for recoil energy in the $2.0 - 5.8$ keV interval using 4 years data with ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$. No significant effect seen.

⁴⁰	APRILE 2017D set limits on 14 WIMP-nucleon different interaction operators. No deviations found using 225 live days in the $6.6 - 240$ keV recoil energy range.

⁴¹	APRILE 2017H search for keV bosonic DM via ${{\mathit e}}$ ${{\mathit \chi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}$, looking for electronic recoils with 224.6 live days of data and 34 kg of LXe. Limits set on ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}$ coupling for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = $8 - 125$ keV.

⁴²	APRILE 2017K search for magnetic inelastic DM via ${{\mathit \chi}}$ ${{\mathit N}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \chi}^{*}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$. Limits set in DM magnetic moment vs. mass splitting plane for two DM masses corresponding to the DAMA/LIBRA best fit values.

⁴³	ANGLOHER 2016A require q${}^{2}$ dependent scattering $<$ $8 \times 10^{-3}$ pb for asymmetric DM $\mathit m$(WIMP) = 3 GeV on ${}^{}\mathrm {Ca}{}^{}\mathrm {W}{}^{}\mathrm {O}_{4}$ target. It uses a local dark matter density of 0.38 GeV/cm${}^{3}$.

⁴⁴	APRILE 2015 search for periodic variation of electronic recoil event rate in the data between Feb. 2011 and Mar. 2012. No significant modulation is found for periods up to 500 days.

⁴⁵	APRILE 2015A search for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ scattering off electrons. See their Fig. 4 for limits on cross section through axial-vector coupling for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ between 0.6 GeV and 1 TeV. For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 2 GeV, $\sigma <$ 60 pb (90$\%$CL) is obtained.

References

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2025 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT and KEK (Japan), INFN (Italy) and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2025. See LBNL disclaimers.

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